• The concept of essential use for determining when uses of PFASs can be phased out 

      Cousins, Ian T.; Goldenman, G.; Herzke, Dorte; Lohmann, Rainer; Miller, Mark; Ng, Carla A.; Patton, Sharyle; Scheringer, Martin; Trier, Xenia; Vierke, Lena; Wang, Zhanyun; DeWitt, Jamie (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      Because of the extreme persistence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their associated risks, the Madrid Statement argues for stopping their use where they are deemed not essential or when safer alternatives ...